A CHECKLIST OF AMERICAN HUMOR RELATING TO ECONOMIC DEPRESSIONS
 

Dale Salwak
 

This checklist is divided into years corresponding to the following American economic depressions: 1836–1837/1837–1844, 1860, 1873–1877, 1893–1898, 1907–1908, 1929–1941, and 1974. I have also listed "General Studies" which cover several depressions in an overview or offer pertinent discussions of the relationship between humor and crisis. In the few cases where I was unable to see the items listed, I have placed an asterisk before the entry. Although no checklist of this kind is ever complete, every attempt has been made to make as comprehensive a listing as possible; however, I was unable to find articles specifically covering humor and the depressions for the years 1818–1819, 1847–1850, and 1857–1858 among others. I hope that this checklist will provide scholars with a starting point for additional study of the topic.

1. General Studies

Bier, Jesse. "Modern American Humor." Studies in American Humor 3 (l976): 2–22.
Blair, Walter. "A Man’s Voice, Speakin’: A Continuum in American Humor." In Veins of Humor. Ed. Harry Levin. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1972, 185–204.
_____________ "Modern Survivals." In his Horse Sense in American Humor: From Benjamin Franklin to Ogden Nash. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1942, 295–318.
Bradbury, Malcolm, and David Palmer, eds. The American Novel and the Nineteen Twenties. Stratford–Upon–Avon Studies 13. London: Edward Arnold, 1971.
Carlisle, Henry. "The Comic Tradition." The American Scholar 28 (l958/59):96–l08.
Cantril, Hadley, and Gordon W. Aliport. The Psychology of Laughter. New York: Harper, 1935.
Dietrichson, Jan W. The Image of Money in the American Novel ofthe Gilded Age. New York: Humanities Press; Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1969.
Eastman, Max. The Enjoyment of Laughter. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1948.
Flory, Claude Reherd. "III. Literary Characteristics: The Expression of the Problem and the Answer." In his Economic Criticism in American Fiction, 1792–1900. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1936, 197–241.

253

Ford, F. L. "A Century of American Humor." Munsey’s 25 (1901): 82–90.
Hall, Ernest Jackson. "Chapter III: Satire Upon Political and Economic Conditions." In his The Satirical Element in the American Novel. New York: Haskell House, 1906, 28–52.
Hall, Wade. "A Study of Southern American Humor: 1865–1913." Diss. Univ. of Illinois, 1961.
Hassan, Ihab. "Laughter in the Dark: the New Voice in American Fiction." The American Scholar 33 (1964):636–40.
Horn, Maurice. Comics of the American West. New York: Winchester Press, 1977.
Kallen, Horace M. "The Comic Spirit in the Freedom of Man." The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 13 (1955):342–50.
Keller, Charles. Laughing: A Historical Selection of American Humor. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall,
1977.
Lynd, Robert S., and Helen Merrell Lynd. Middletown: A Study in Contemporary American Culture. New York: Harcourt, 1929.
___________ Middletown in Transformation: A Study in Cultural Conflicts. New York: Harcourt, 1937.
Masson, Thomas L. "Humor and Comic Journals." The Yale Review ns 15 (l925): 1l3–23.
Mattson, Jeremy. "The Comic Song in the American Midwest, 1825–1975." In Midamerican IV. Ed. David D. Anderson. East Lansing: Midwestern Press, 1977, 30–55.
May, Lary. Screening Out the Past: The Birth of Mass Culture and the Motion Picture Industry. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1980.
Murrell, William. A History of American Graphic Humor (1865–1938). New York: Macmillan, 1938.
Raeithel, Gert. "American Humor As An Experience of Growth." American Humor: An Interdisciplinary Newsletter 7 (1980): 1–9.
Repplier, Agnes. "The American Laughs." The Yale Review ns 13 (1924): 493.
Reynolds, George F. "Comedy and the Crisis." The Western Humanities Review 5 (1951): 143–51.
Rubin, Louis D., Jr., ed. The Comic Imagination in American Literature. New Brunswick: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1972.
Safranek, Roma, and Thomas Schill. "Coping with Stress: Does Humor Help?" Psychological Reports 51(1982): 222.
Shulman, Max. "American Humor: Its Cause and Cure." The Yale Review ns 51 (1961):l19–24.
Wilder, Marshall P., ed. "Foreward." In The Wit and Humor of America. New York and Canada: Funk and Wagnalls, 1907, i–viii.

254

Yates, Norris W. The American Humorist: Conscience of the Twentieth Century. Ames: Iowa State Univ. Press, 1964.
Zinsser, William K. "American Humor l966."Horizon 8 (1966):116–20.

2. 1818–1819

Becneck, Samuel. "The Depression of 1819–1822, A Social History." American Historical Review 39 (1933):28–47.
Buley, R.C. "The Pioneer Middle West in Two Depressions." Indiana Historical Bulletin 13 (1936): 77–91.
*Fo1z, William E. "The Financial Crisis of 1891—A Study in Post War Economic Readjustment." Diss. Univ. of Illinois, 1935.
Greer, Thomas H. "Economic and Social Effects of the Depression of 1819 in the Old Northwest." Indiana Magazine of History 44 (1948): 227–43.
Hunt, Gaillard. Life in America. One Hundred Years Ago. 2nd ed. Detroit: Gale Research, 1976.
Kay, Donald, and Carol McGinnis Kay. "American Satire in the Early National Period, 1791–1830." Bulletin of Bibliography and Magazine Notes 33 (1976):19–23.
Rezneck, Samuel. "The Depression of 1819–1822, A Social History." American Historical Review 39 (1933): 28–47.
*Rothbard, Murray . "Contemporary Opinion of the Depression of 1819–1821." Thesis. Columbia University, 1946.

3. 1836–1837/ 1837–1844

Blair, Walter. "The Popularity of Nineteenth-Century American Humorists." American Literature 3 (1931): 174–94.
Budd, Louis J. "Gentlemanly Humorists of the Old South." Southern Folklore Quarterly 17 (1953): 232–40.
Buley, R.C. "The Pioneer Middle West in Two Depressions." Indiana Historical Bulletin 13 (1936): 77–91.
Current-Garcia, Eugene. "Newspaper Humor in the Old South, 1835–1855."The Alabama Review 2 (1949): 102–2l.
Dorsey, Dorothy B. "The Panic and Depression of 1837–43 in Missouri." Missouri Historical Review 30 (l936): 132–61.
*Hess, Bertha Reid. "Backwoods Humor of the South 1830–1860." Thesis. Alabama Polytechnic Institute, 1933.
Inge, M. Thomas. "Literary Humor of the Old Southwest: A Brief Overview." Louisiana Studies 7 (1968): 132–43.
*Jones, Lee Choquette. "Ante–Bellum Humor in the Old Southwest (1830–1867) as the Beginning of American Literary Realism and as the Humorous Era Which Produced Mark Twain." Thesis. Brigham Young Univ., 1963.

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*Meriwether, Frank T. "The Development of Character Types in American Humor before 1860."Thesis. Louisiana State Univ., 1949.
Orr, Dorothy. "The Children of Depression." Georgia Historical Quarterly 17 (l933): 204–l1.
"Reflections of the 1837 Panic." Business Historical Society Bulletin 7 (1933): 6–10.
Rezneck, Samuel. "The Social History of an American Depression, 1837–1843." American Historical Review 40 (1 935):662–87.
Trollope, Frances. Domestic Manners of the Americans. Ed. Donald Smalley. New York: Knopf, 1949, 209–10, 305, 324.
Williams, Leonard, ed. "Introduction: C. F. Noland and the Roots of Southwestern Humor." In Cavorting on the Devil’s Fork. Memphis: Memphis State Univ. Press, 1979, 1–54.

4. 1860

Duke, Maurice. "John Wilfred Overall’s Southern Punch: Humor in the Rebel Capital." In American Humor: Essays Presented to John C. Gerber. Ed. O. M. Brack, Jr. Scottsdale: Arete Publications, 1977, 43–5 8.
Linneman, William R. "Southern Punch: A Draught of Confederate Wit." Southern Folklore Quarterly 26 (1962): 131–36.
Matthews, Brander. "The Comic Periodical Literature of the United States." The American Bibliopolist 7 (1875) :201.
Mott, Frank Luther. "Chapter XXIII: Dana and the Sun; News Developments." In his American Journalism: A History 1690–1960. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1962, 392–94.

5. 1873–1877

Hall, Wade. The Smiling Phoenix: Southern Humor from 1865–1914. Gainesville: Univ. of Florida Press, 1965.
Hearn, Charles R. The American Dream in the Gilded Age. Contribution in American Studies, Number 28. Westport and London: Greenwood Press, 1977.
Mott, Frank Luther. "Chapter XXIX: Weekly and Sunday Editions; Newspaper Content; Organizations." In his American Journalism: A History 1690–1960. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1962, 483–486.
Partin, Robert. "Alabama Humor During Reconstruction." Alabama Review 17 (1964): 243–60.
Rezneck, Samuel. "Distress, Relief, and Discontent in the United States During the Depression of 1873–78." Journal of Political Economics 58 (l950): 494–512.
Senelick, Laurence. "Variety into Vaudeville, The Process Observed in Two Manuscript Gagbooks." Theatre Survey 19 (1978):1–l5.

256

Smith, Herbert F. "5.Social Satire in the Gilded Age." In his The Popular American Novel 1865–1920. Boston: Twayne, 1980, 64–77.
Taylor, Walter Fuller. "Chapter Two: The Lesser Novelists." In his The Economic Novel in America. Chapel Hill: The Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1942, 58–116.

6. 1893–1898

Anderbeg, Mary. "Silent Movies of the Page: the Serial Drawings of Charles Dana Gibson." Thalia: Studies in Literary Humor 2(1979/ 80): 35–54.
Bergengren, Ralph. "The Humor of the Colored Supplement." Atlantic 98 (l906): 269–73.
Berthoff, Warner. "Humorists and Moralists: The Heirs of Howells and James." In his The Ferment of Realism: American Literature, 1884–1919. New York: Free Press; London: Collier-Macmillan, 1965, 126–47.
Bragdon, Claude. "The Purple Cow Period; the ‘Dinkey Magazines’ that Caught the Spirit of the ’Nineties." The Bookman 69 (1929): 475–78.
Botkin, B. A. "Automobile Humor: From the Horseless Carriage to the Compact Car." Journal of Popular Culture 1 (1968): 395–402.
DeMuth, James. Small Town Chicago: The Comic Perspective of Finley Peter Dunne, George Ade, Ring Lardner. Port Washington: Kennikat Press, 1980.
Fackler, Herbert V. "Multiple Myth and Folklore in H. Allen Smith’s Picaresque Satire and Mister Zip." Satire Newsletter 6 (1968): 35–42.
Linneman, William Richard. "American Life as Reflected in Illustrated Humor Magazines, 1877–1900." Diss. Univ. of Illinois, 1960.
Mott, Frank Luther. "Chapter XXXIV: What the Papers Printed at the Turn of the Century." In his American Journalism: A History 1690–1960. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1962, 582–84.
Nye, Russell B. "Book Reviews, Dime Novels: Escape Fiction of the Nineteenth Century." Journal of American Culture 5(1982): 115–18.
Quinn, Arthur Hobson. "The Perennial Humor of the American Stage." The Yale Review ns 16 (l929): 553–66.
Taylor, Walter Fuller. "Chapter Six." In his The Economic Novel in America. Chapel Hill: The Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1942, 214–81.
_____________ "On the Origins of Howell’s Interest in Economic Reform." American Literature 2 (1930): 3–14.
_____________ "William Dean Howells." Sewanne Review 46(1938): 288–303.

257

"William Dean Howells and the Economic Novel." American Literature 4 (1932): 103–13.
Ziff, Larzer. The American 1890s: Life and Times of a Lost Generation. New York: Viking, 1966.
7. 1907–1908
Bowen, Ezra, et al., eds. This Fabulous Century: Sixty Years of American Life. Volume I: 1900–1910. New York: Time–Life Books, 1969.
Gibson, William M. Theodore Roosevelt Among the Humorists: W.D. Howells, Mark Twain, and Mr. Dooley. Knoxville: Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1980.

8. 1929–1941

Alexander, David. Panic! Evanston: Regency Books, 1960.
Allen, Frederick Lewis. "XIV. Aftermath, 1930–1931." In his Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the Nineteen-Twenties. New York and London: Harper, 1931, 346–57.
Since Yesterday: The Nineteen-Thirties in America, September 3, 1929—September 3, 1939. New York and London:
Harper, 1940.
Armstrong, E. "American Scene as Satire: Art of Paul Cadmus in the 1930’s." Arts Magazine 56 (1982):122–25.
Arthur, Ester. "Have You Heard about Roosevelt ... ?" Common Sense 7 (l938):16.
Asher, R., and S. S. Sargent. "Shifts in Attitude Caused by Cartoon Caricatures." Journal of General Psychology 24 (l941):45l–54.
"Asides on Depression." In The Annals of America: Volume 15: 1929–1939, The Great Depression. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1968, 126–28.
Baker, Newton D. "Anxiety about the Vagrants." In The Great Depression. Ed. David A. Shannon. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice–Hall, 1960, 56.
Baxter, John. Hollywood in the Thirties. New York: A.S. Barnes, 1968. Beach, Joseph Warren. American Fiction: 1929–1940. New York: Macmillan, 1941.
Becker, Stephen. Comic Art in America. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1959.
Bell, John L., Jr. Hard Times: Beginnings of the Great Depression in North Carolina, 1929–1933. Raleigh: North Carolina Dept. of Cultural Resources, Division of Archives and History, 1982.
Bendiner, Robert. Just Around the Corner. New York: Harper, 1967.

258

Bergman, Andrew. We’re in the Money: Depression America and Its Films. New York: New York Univ. Press, 1971.
Bier, Jesse. "Chapter IV: Interwar Humor." In his The Rise and Fall of American Humor. New York: Holt, 1968.
Bird, Caroline. The Invisible Scar. New York: David McKay, 1966.
Billington, Monroe. "The New Deal Was a Joke: Political Humor During the Great Depression." Journal of American Culture 5(1982): 15–21.
Blair, Walter, and Hamlin Hill. America’s Humor: From Poor Richard to Doonesbury. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1978.
Blake, Ben. The Awakening of the American Theatre. New York: Tomorrow, 1935.
Block, Anita. The Changing World in Plays and Theatre. New York: Tomorrow, 1935.
Blum, Daniel. A New Pictorial History of the Talkies. New York: G. P. Putnam’s, 1968.
Bowen, Ezra, et al., eds. This Fabulous Century: Sixty Years of American Life. Volume III: 1920–1930 and Volume IV: 1930–1940. New York: Time-Life, 1969.
Bragin, Charles. "The Tousey Comics." The Classical Journal 4 (l934):449.
Braver, Ralph A. "When the Lights Went Out: Hollywood, the Depression and the Thirties." Journal of Popular Film and Television 8 (l981): l8–29.
Broadus, Mitchell. Depression Decade: From New Era through New Deal, 1929–1941. Volume IX of The Economic History of the United States. Eds. Henry David, et al. New York: Rinehart, 1947, 111–14.
*Bruner, Edmund de S. Radio and the Farmer. New York: The Radio Institute of the Audible Arts, n.d.
Cadenhear, Ivie E., Jr. "Will Rogers: Forgotten Man." Midcontinent American Studies Journal 4 (1963):49–57.
Carter, Paul A. Another Part of the Twenties. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1977.
"Extravagant Fiction Today—Cold Fact Tomorrow." Journal of Popular Culture 5 (1972): 842–57.
Clarens, Carlos. Horror Films. New York: G. P. Putnam’s, 1967.
Cleaton, Irene, and Allen. "X. Sobering up." In their Books and Battles: American Literature, 1920–1930. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1937, 25 7–66.
Clipper, LawrenceJ. "Archetypal Figures in Early Film Comedy." The Western Humanities Review 28 (1974):353–66.
Cohen, Stanley, ed. Reform, War, and Reaction: 1912–1932. Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1973.

259

Coltman, Bob. "Across the Chasm: How the Depression Changed Country Music." Old Time Music 12 (1976/77):6–12.
Correll, Charles J., and Freeman F. Gosden. Amos ‘n Andy. London: Constable, 1932.
Corrin, Brownlee Sands. "An Annotated Audio-Videography of SocioPolitical Wit, Humor, and Satire." American Humor: An Interdisciplinary Newsletter 2 (1975): 3–60.
Couperie, Pierre, Maurice C. Horn, el al. A History of the Comic Strip. Trans. Eileen B. Hennessy. New York: Crown, 1968.
Culhane, John. "Leapin’ Lizards: What’s Happening to the Comics." New York Times Magazine, 5 May 1974, 16.
Daniels, Jonathan. The Time Between the Wars. New York: Doubleday, 1966.
Dickinson, A. T., Jr. American Historical Fiction. New York: Scarecrow Press, 1958, 80–86.
Divine, Robert, ed. The Age of Insecurity: America 1920–1945. Reading: Addison–Wesley, 1968.
Douglas, George H. "4. The Crumbling Moral Order." In his Edmund Wilson’s America. Lexington: The Univ. Press of Kentucky, 1983,
72–93.
Downs, Alexis. "George Milburn: Ozark Folklore in Oklahoma Fiction." Chronicles of Oklahoma 5 (1977): 309–23.
Duffy, Bernard J., and Susan. "Persuasion and Uplift in American Theatrical Advertising During the Depression." Journal of American Culture 5(1982): 66–71.
Dunning, John. Tune in Yesterday. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice–Hall, 1976.
Durgnat, Raymond. The Crazy Mirror: Hollywood Comedy and the American Image. New York: Delta, 1972.
Eitner, Walter H. "Will Rogers: Another Look at His Act." Kansas Quarterly 2 (1970):46–52.
Ekrich, Arthur M., Jr. Ideologies and Utopias: The Impact of the New Deal on American Thought. Chicago: Quadrangle, 1969.
Elledge, Scott. E.B. White: A Biography. New York: Norton, 1984.
Farrell, James T. The Fate of Writing in America. New York: Falcon Press, 1946.
Filler, Louis, ed. The Anxiety Years: America in the 1930s. New York:
Putnam’s, 1963.
Flexner, Eleanor. American Playwrights, 1918–1938. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1938.
Ford, Corey. The Time of Laughter. Boston: Little, Brown, 1967.

260

Foster, Ruel E. "Kentucky Humor: Salt River Roarer to Ol’ Dog Ring." Mississippi Quarterly 20 (1967):224–30.
Franklin, Joe. Classics of the Silent Screen. New York: Citadel Press, 1959.
*Franklin, Martin. Fun During Recession. South Orange, N.J.: The Author, 1938. In the John Valentine Collection, Humanities Research Center, Univ. of Texas, Austin.
French, Warren, ed. The Thirties: Fiction, Poetry, Drama. Deland, Fla. Everett-Edwards, 1976.
Gaibraith, John Kenneth. The Great Crash, 1929. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1955.
Gehring, Wes D. "McCarey vs. Capra: A Guide to American Film Comedy of the ’30’s." Journal of Popular Culture 7 (1978):67–84.
Geismar, Maxwell. Writers in Crisis: The American Novel, 1925–1940. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1942.
Godine, Amy. "Notes Toward a Reappraisal of Depression Literature." In Prospects: An Annual of American Cultural Studies. Vol. 5. Ed. Jack Salzman. New York: Burt Franklin, 1980, 197–240.
Goldman, Harry. "Pins and Needles." Theatre Quarterly 28 (1977):
14–19.
_____________ and Mel Gordon. "Workers’ Theatre in America: A Survey of 1913–1978." Journal of American Culture 1 (1978): 169–81.
Goldstein, Malcolm. The Political Stage: American Drama and Theater of the Great Depression. New York and London: Oxford, 1977.
Gorer, Geoffrey. The American People. New York: Norton, 1949.
Goulart, Ron. The Adventurous Decade: Comic Strips in the Thirties. New Rochelle: Arlington House, 1975.
Greif, Martin. "Depression Modern: An Appreciation." In his Depression Modern: The Thirties Style in America. New York: Universe Books, 1975, 19–47.
Grieg, J. Y. T. The Psychology of Laughter and Comedy. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1963.
Griffith, Richard, and Arthur Mayer. The Movies. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1957.
Grise, George C. "Patterns of Child Naming in Tennessee During the Depression Years." Southern Folklore Quarterly 23 (1959):150–54.
Gurko, Leo. The Angry Decade. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1947, 1–17, 18–33, 222–259.
Hansen, Arlen J. "Entropy and Transformation: Two Types of American Humor." The American Scholar 43 (1974):405–21.
Hausdorff, Don Mark. "Depression Laughter: Magazine Humor and American Society, 1929–33." Diss. Univ. of Minnesota, 1963.

261

__________. "Magazine Humor and Popular Morality, 1929–34." Journalism Quarterly 41 (1964):509–16.
__________. "Magazine Humor and the Depression Years." New York Folklore Quarterly 20 (1964): 199–214.
__________. "Topical Satire and the Temper of the Early 1930’s." The South Atlantic Quarterly 65 (1966):21–33:
Heleniak, Romar. "Local Reaction to the Great Depression in New Orleans, 1929–1933." Louisiana History 10 (1969):289–306.
Hoffman, Frederick J. The Twenties: American Writers in the Postwar Decade. Rev. ed. New York: Collier, 1962.
Horton, Rod W., and Herbert W. Edwards. Backgrounds of American Literary Thought. 2nd ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1967, 292–330; 417–19.
Hutchen, John K., ed. "A Note on the Nineteen Twenties." In The American Twenties: A Literary Panorama. Philadelphia: Lippinscott, 1952, 11–34.
Kagan, Norman. "Amos ’n’ Andy: Twenty Years Late, or Two Decades Early." The Journal of Popular Culture 6 (1972):71–75.
Kazin, Alfred. On Native Grounds: An Interpretation of Modern American Prose Literature. New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1942.
Kehl, James A. "Defender of the Faith: Orphan Annie and the Conservative Tradition." The South Atlantic Quarterly 76 (1977): 454–65.
Kesterson, David B. "A Visit with Radio Humorist Chester Lauck (Lum Edwards)." Studies in American Humor 3 (1977): 142–48.
Ketchem, Richard M. Will Rogers: His Life and Times. New York: American Heritage, McGraw–Hill, 1973.
Knapp, Margaret M. "Integration of Elements as a Viable Standard for Judging Musical Theatre. "Journal of American Culture 1(1978): 112–19.
Lange, Dorothea, and Paul Schuster Tayler. An American Exodus: A Record of Human Erosion in the Thirties. Rev. ed. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1969.
Leuchtenburg, William E. The Perils of Prosperity, 1914–1932. Chicago: The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1958, 197–98.
Link, Arthur S. "Chapter 26: Social and Cultural Trends, 1933–1953." In his American Epoch: A History of the United States Since the 1890’s.. New York: Knopf, 1955, 607–16.
MacDonald, Dwight. "Laugh and Lie Down." Partisan Review 4 (1937):44–53.
MacDonald, Fred. Don’t Touch that Dial. Chicago: Nelson–Hall, 1979.
McElvaine, Robert S. "9. Moral Economics: American Values and

262

Culture in the Great Depression." In his The Great Depression: America, 1929–1941. New York: Times Books, 1984, 196–223.
McGhee, P. E., and J. H. Goldstein, eds. Handbook of Humor Research: Applied Studies. Volumes 1 and 2. Springer-Verlag, 1983.
McLean, Albert, Jr. American Vaudeville as Ritual. Lexington: Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1965.
Malone, Bill C. "Chapter 4: Country Music During the Depression—Survival and Expansion." In his Country Music USA: A Fifty-Year History. Austin: The Univ. of Texas Press, 1968, 103–44.
____________ "4. Country Music in the Depression Southwest." In The Depression in the Southwest. Ed. Donald W. Whisenhunt. Port Washington: Kennikat Press, 1980, 58–74.
Marion, Frances. Off with Their Heads! A Serio-Comic Tale of Hollywood. New York: Macmillan, 1972.
Masson, T. L. "Has America a Sense of Humor?" North American Review 228 (1929): l78–84.
Mast, Gerald. The Comic Mind. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973.
Matthews, Brander. "The Comic Periodical Literature of the United States." American Bibliopolist 7 (1975): 199–201.
May, Henry E. "Shifting Perspectives on the 1920’s." The Mississippi Valley Historical Record 43 (1956):405–27.
Meehan, James. "Bojangles of Richmond: His Dancing Feet Brought Joy to the World." Virginia Cavalcade 27 (l978)100–13.
__________. "WEAF; 7:00–7: l5—Ow wah, ow wah, ow wah." New York Times Magazine, 31 December 1972, 4.
Miller, Jordan Y. "Four Types of Comedy." In his American Dramatic Literature: Ten Modern Plays in Historical Perspective. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961, 309–18.
Mintz, Lawrence. "American Humour and the Spirit of the Times." In It’s A Funny Thing, Humour. Ed. Anthony Chapman and Hugh C. Foot. London: Pergamon Press, 1977, 17–22.
____________ "American Humour in the 1920’s." Thalia: Studies in Literary Humour 4 (198 l):26–32.
Mitchell, Broodus. Depression Decade: From New Era through New Deal, 1921–1941. New York: Rinehart, 1947.
Mott, Frank Luther. A History of American Magazines. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1957.
__________. "Chapter XLI: Newspaper Content: Columns, Comics, News." In his American Journalism, A History: 1690–1960. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1962, 689–90.
Mugleston, William F. "Cornpone and Potlikken: A Moment of Relief in the Great Depression." Louisiana History 16 (1975):279–88.

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Nash, Roderick. The Nervous Generation: American Thought, 1917–1930. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1970, ix, 1–4.
Nathan, George Jean. The Entertainment of a Nation. New York: Knopf, 1942.
Partin, Robert. "Alabama Newspaper Humor." Alabama Review 9 (1956):83–99.
Pells, Richard H. "Images of the Past: Popular Culture and Postwar America." In Prospects: An Annual of American Cultural Studies. Vol 5. Ed. Jack Salzman. New York: Burt Franklin, 1980. 439–55.
Phillips, Cabell. From the Crash to the Blitz, 1929–1939: The New York Times Chronicle of American Life. New York: Macmillan; London: Collier-Macmillan, 1969.
Phillips, William. "What Happened in the 30’s." Commentary 34 (1962):204–12.
Rabkin, Gerald. Drama and Commitment. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1964.
Robbins, L.H. "American Humorists." New York Times Magazine, 8 September 1935, 8–9.
Rourke, Constance. "Round Up." In her American Humor: A Study of the National Character. New York: Harcourt, 1931, 297–306.
Rubin, Louis D., Jr. "Trouble on the Land: Southern Literature and the Great Depression." In Literature at the Barricades: The American Writer in the 1930s. Eds. Ralph F. Bogardus and Fred Hobson. The Univ. of Alabama Press, 1982, 96–113.
"Russell Baker: Those Funny Bones Grew from a Depression–era Virginia Boyhood." People, 20 December 1982, 18.
Saint-Etienne, Christian. The Great Depression, Nineteen Twenty-Nine to Nineteen Thirty-Eight: Lessons for the 1980’s. Hoover Institute Press, 1984.
Salzman, Jack, ed. Year of Protest. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1970.
Sann, Paul. Fad, Follies and Delusions of the American People. New York: Crown, 1967.
Sarris, Andrew. "Funny Ladies in the Movies . . . And Why They’re an Endangered Species." Mademoiselle 81(1975): 138–39, 182.
_____________ "Harold Lloyd: A Rediscovery." American Film 11 (1977): 28.
Settel, Irving. A Pictorial History of Radio. New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1967.
Shankman, Arnold. "Black Pride and Prejudice: the Amos ’N’ Andy Crusade." Journal of Popular Culture 12 (l978): 236–52.
Shapiro, Nat, and Nat Hentoff, eds. Hear Me Talkin’ To Ya. New York: Rinehart, 1955.

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Smiley, Sam. The Drama of Attack: Didactic Plays of the Depression. Columbia: Univ. of Missouri Press, 1972.
Spiller, Robert, et al., eds. Literary History of the United States. Vol. III. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1962.
Stauffer, Helen. "Dorothy Swain Thomas." In American Women Writers: A Critical Reference Guide from Colonial Times to the Present in Four Volumes. Vol. 4. Ed. Lina Mainiero. New York: Ungar, 1982, 230–31.
Steadman, Mark Sidney, Jr. "American Humor: 1920–1955." Diss. Florida State Univ., 1963.
Stevenson, Elizabeth. Babbitts and Bohemians: The American 1920’s. New York: Macmillan, 1967.
Swados, Harvey. "Introduction." In The American Writer and the Great Depression. The American Heritage Series. Eds. Leonard W. Levy and Alfred Young. New York: Bobbs–Merrill, 1966, xi–xxxvi.
Taylor, Deems. A Pictorial History of the Movies. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1949.
Tebbel, John. "Sixteen. New Faces, New Voices." In his The American Magazine: A Compact History. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1969, 151–55.
Thompson, Lovell. "America’s Day-Dream." Saturday Review of Literature, 13 November 1937, 3–4, 16.
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__________. "Relieving Social Tensions: Radio Comedy and the Great Depression." Journal of Popular Culture 10 (1976): 501–19.
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_________, ed. The Depression in the Southwest. Port Washington: Kennikat Press, 1980.
White, Stanley W. "The Burnt Cork Illusion of the 1920s in America: A Study in Nostalgia." Journal of Popular Culture 5(1971): 530–49.

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Wiener, Don. "Super Heterodyne: Radio Comedy of the Thirties." In Comedy: New Perspectives. Ed. Maurice Charney. New York: New York Literary Forum, 1978, 259–63.
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Wixson, Douglas. "From Conroy to Steinbeck: The Quest for an Idiom of the People in the 1930s." Midamerica VIII. Ed. David D. Anderson. East Lansing: Midwestern Press, 1981, 135–50.
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9. 1974

Bakerman, Jane S. "A View from Wall Street: Social Criticism in the Mystery Novels of Emma Lathem. "Armchair Detective 9(1 976):2 13–17.
Bedell, Jeanne F. "Emma Lathem." In 10 Women of Mystery. Ed. Earl F. Bargainnier. Bowling Green: Bowling Green State Univ. Popular Press, 1981, 250–67.
Klinkowitz, Jerome. Kurt Vonnegut. London and New York: Methuen, 1982, 63–82.
Nieburg, H. L. "Post–Tragedy and the Public Arts." Journal of American Culture 1 (1978): 81–95.

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